Residential setting, adaptive behavior, and a variety of demographic variables were used in an effort to predict scores on an instrument quantifying the exercise of choice. The sample consisted of 141 individuals with intellectual disability who lived in community group homes and 462 individuals with intellectual disability who lived on a campus based program. High adaptive behavior scores and living in a community based setting were predictive of higher exercise of choice. It was suggested that both ability and opportunity were necessary for optimal choice making, and that ability was the primary predictor

This research through an inductive descriptive approach, aims to encourage teachers of Arabic as second language to apply the communicative approach in their teaching. The two main research questions to be answered by this research are: 1)What is communicative approach? 2) How feasible it is to be applied in the teaching of Arabic as second language? The research first describes the principles of the approach. It then discusses its suitability in the teaching of Arabic as it provides multiple benefits. The main benefit is it allows communication in the target language through its fun and exciting activities. It also enables harmony to be created between students and teachers as well as taking into account the psychological and social aspects of the students especially in terms of error correction.

This study was carried out to explore the perception of the faculty on the trainings in open, distance and e-learning instructional materials development which have been going on at the University of Nairobi. The objectives of the study were to assess the faculty opinion on the trainings and how trainings improve their skills .The population of this study consisted of 310 faculty drawn from science based departments that have embraced open, distance and e-learning as a mode of delivery. A sample size of 100 was then determined by picking from each department the faculty with high level of experience in open, distance and e-learning delivery methodology. The study used questionnaires, interview schedules and observational forms. Results indicate that the trainings on material development for open, distance and e-learning organized by the University of Nairobi had a positive effect on the faculty in science oriented disciplines. Furthermore, assigning sufficient time for demonstrations and hands on; clarity and presentation of the training content; occasions to discuss and actively participate in the training; meeting the expectations of the trainings and the pace of the training were some of the aspects that were perceived positive by faculty. The paper also concludes that trainings on material development not only help the faculty to develop quality distance learning materials but also enable them to use the skills and knowledge gained through the trainings to publish papers and books and gain good academic writing skills.